Category: Raspberry PI

A better Python script for uploading images

[RPi-Cam-Web-Interface]

Install the [poster] module by running the command-line:

sudo pip install poster

UploadImage.py (RPI)

#!/usr/bin/env python

import urllib, urllib2, os, os.path, sys
from poster.encode import multipart_encode
from poster.streaminghttp import register_openers
from time import sleep

register_openers()

query = { 'id' : 1 }
url = "http://domain.com/path/save_image.php?"+urllib.urlencode(query)

filename = '/dev/shm/mjpeg/cam.jpg'
#print 'Saved: '+filename;

while True:
  try:
    if (os.path.isfile(filename)) :
      values = {'image':open(filename)}
      data, headers = multipart_encode(values)
      headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'
      headers['filename'] = filename
      req = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers)
      req.unverifiable = True
      content = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
  except:
    print 'Upload failed.';
  sleep(1)

Edit the crontab.

sudo crontab -e

Add the following to the end of the crontab.

0 * * * * /sbin/reboot
@reboot python /home/pi/Documents/GetMacAdx.py &
@reboot python /home/pi/Documents/UploadImage.py &

Reboot the Raspberry PI and the security camera is ready to go!

save_image.php (Server)

<?php

if (!isset($_GET['id'])) {
  echo ('Invalid request!');
  exit(0);
}
$id = intval($_GET['id']);

$image = $_FILES["image"];

if ($image == null) {
   echo ("Missing image!");
   exit(0);
} else {
   echo "Saved image!";
   $filename = "image" . $id . ".jpg";
   $tmp_name = $_FILES["image"]["tmp_name"];
   move_uploaded_file($tmp_name, $filename);
}
?>

[Setup wifi on the command-line]

Turn off the camera LED by adding the following to the end of the file.

/boot/config.txt

disable_camera_led=1

Control your LEDs with your TV remote?! || Arduino IR Tutorial

I created a [XamarinFormsIoT] Windows Core IoT project which can control LEDs and play sounds on a Raspberry PI 3 using C#/XAML. I used a portable dependency interface to expose the GPIO controller which only exists in the UWP project. GPIO is used to control the LEDs. I also ordered an IR receiver so I can detect IR signals from a remote and it works!

Next I need to [find] a UWP library for LIRC.

The [Arduino-IRremote] has a C++ library that can be converted to UWP.

I followed the idea from the video below.

[How to Control the GPIO on a Raspberry Pi with an IR Remote]

Adafruit: [IR (Infrared) Receiver Sensor]

[Raspberry Pis, Remotes & IR Receivers!]

[Xamarin Components]

[Play wav file in Raspberry PI with Windows IoT Core]

[XamarinMediaManager]

[Xamarin Forms: Hello Blinky]

[Windows 10 IoT Core : Setting Startup App]

[UWP on Xbox One]

Raspberry PI 2 with Leap

The Leap Motion Controller requires ARM-9 or better and to make work with the Raspberry PI 2 I used a proxy HTTP server to work with the Raspberry PI 2. The Raspberry PI 2 controls servos based on the data from the leap. Each finger on the leap controls a different servo.

The project in action:

Details about the code:

The proxy sends JSON data for the finger rotations (in degrees).

{
  "thumb": 27.815885630721692,
  "index": 8.8111549114070726,
  "middle": 16.216426372741033,
  "ring": 29.267951404867844,
  "pinky": 86.043786182477533
}

The script: `LeapServos.py`

#!/usr/bin/env python

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import datetime
import time
import urllib2
import threading
import json

servo_pin2 = 18
servo_pin3 = 22

# 60 degrees / 0.1seconds 
servo_speed = 0.1

GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)

GPIO.setup(servo_pin2, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(servo_pin3, GPIO.OUT)

last_time = datetime.datetime.now() 
current_time = datetime.datetime.now() 

accuracy = 0.01
rotation1 = 90
rotation2 = 90
rotation3 = 90
rotation4 = 90
rotation5 = 90
timeRotation1 = 0
timeRotation2 = 0
timeRotation3 = 0
timeRotation4 = 0
timeRotation5 = 0
targetRotation1 = 90
targetRotation2 = 90
targetRotation3 = 90
targetRotation4 = 90
targetRotation5 = 90

pulse2 = GPIO.PWM(servo_pin2, 50)
pulse3 = GPIO.PWM(servo_pin3, 50)

logTime = datetime.datetime.now()

stayAlive = True

def getRotation(rotation):
  if (rotation > 90.0):
   return 180
  if (rotation > 45.0):
   return 90
  else:
   return 0

def newTarget():
 global targetRotation1
 global targetRotation2
 global targetRotation3
 global targetRotation4
 global targetRotation5
 while (stayAlive):
  content = urllib2.urlopen("http://192.168.2.97").read()
  #print (content)
  jsonObject = json.loads(content) 
  #print (jsonObject)
  #for key in jsonObject:
  # print (key)
  #print ("index: " + str(jsonObject["index"]))
  targetRotation1 = getRotation(jsonObject["thumb"])
  targetRotation2 = getRotation(jsonObject["index"])
  targetRotation3 = getRotation(jsonObject["middle"])
  targetRotation4 = getRotation(jsonObject["ring"])
  targetRotation5 = getRotation(jsonObject["pinky"])
  time.sleep(0)
 print ("Thread complete.")
 return

webThread = threading.Thread(target=newTarget, args=(), kwargs={})
webThread.start()

def log():
 global logTime
 global timeRotation2
 global timeRotation3
 global targetRotation2
 global targetRotation3
 if (logTime < datetime.datetime.now()):
  logTime = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(0, 0.5)
  #print "****"
  #print ("2: TargetRotation: " + str(targetRotation2) + " Time: "+str(timeRotation2))
  #print ("3: TargetRotation: " + str(targetRotation3) + " Time: "+str(timeRotation3))
 return

def reset(pulse):
 pulse.start(7.5);
 pulse.ChangeDutyCycle(7.5)
 time.sleep(0.5)
 pulse.ChangeDutyCycle(0)
 return

def compare(timeRotation, rotation, targetRotation):
 global deltaTime
 if (timeRotation >= 100):
  return 0.25
 elif (rotation == targetRotation):
  if (timeRotation >= 0.0):
   return timeRotation - deltaTime.total_seconds()
  else:
   return timeRotation;
 else:
  print "targetRotation changed."
  return 100

def update(pulse, timeRotation, targetRotation):
 cycle = 0
 if (timeRotation >= 100):
  cycle = 0
  if (targetRotation == 90):
   cycle = 7.5
  elif (targetRotation == 0):
   cycle = 2.5
  else:
   cycle = 12.5
  print ("Cycle: "+str(cycle))
  pulse.ChangeDutyCycle(cycle)
 elif (timeRotation >= 0.0 and ((timeRotation - deltaTime.total_seconds()) <= 0.0)):
  pulse.ChangeDutyCycle(0)
  print ("Cycle: "+str(cycle))
 return targetRotation

try:
 reset(pulse2)
 reset(pulse3)
 time.sleep(1)
 print "setup complete"

 while True:
  
  last_time = current_time 
  current_time = datetime.datetime.now() 
  deltaTime = current_time - last_time;

  log()
  timeRotation2 = compare(timeRotation2, rotation2, targetRotation2)
  timeRotation3 = compare(timeRotation3, rotation3, targetRotation3)
  rotation2 = update(pulse2, timeRotation2, targetRotation2);
  rotation3 = update(pulse3, timeRotation3, targetRotation3);

  time.sleep(0);
  
except KeyboardInterrupt:

 print '\r\nProgram shutdown.'
 stayAlive = False
 time.sleep(1)
 GPIO.cleanup();
 print '\r\nProgam complete.'

[LeapServer]

Python Camera Adjust Iso For Sunset And Sunrise

Install the `astral` Python package.

sudo pip install astral

Be sure to [set the timezone].

Python script to adjust the iso based on sunrise and sunset.

#get access to the camera
from picamera import PiCamera

#import so we can invoke another script
import subprocess

#get access to the clock
import datetime

#sleep so we can wait on the camera
from time import sleep

# get access to sunrise and sunset
from astral import Location

from fractions import Fraction

# create a camera object
camera = PiCamera()

#set the image resolution
camera.resolution = (1024, 768)

#rotate the camera if upside-down
#camera.rotation = 180

#flip the camera on the horizontal
#camera.hflip = True

i = 0;

#record defaults
framerate = camera.framerate
shutter_speed = camera.shutter_speed
exposure_mode = camera.exposure_mode
iso = camera.iso

while True:

  # Get sunrise and sunset for Monroe, WA
  l = Location()
  l.latitude = 47.887059
  l.longitude = -121.8792998
  l.timezone = 'US/Pacific'

  sunrise = l.sun()['dawn']
  sunriseHour = int(sunrise.strftime('%H'))
  sunriseMinute = int(sunrise.strftime('%M'))
  sunset = l.sun()['sunset']
  sunsetHour = int(sunset.strftime('%H'))
  sunsetMinute = int(sunset.strftime('%M'))

  hours = int(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%H'))
  minutes = int(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%M'))
  seconds = int(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%S'))
  #print 'hours='+hours+' minutes='+minutes+' seconds='+seconds
  if (hours > sunriseHour and hours < sunsetHour):
    #print 'work in the light'
    camera.framerate = framerate
    camera.shutter_speed = shutter_speed
    camera.exposure_mode = exposure_mode
    camera.iso = iso
  else:
    #print 'work in the dark'
    camera.framerate = Fraction(1,6)
    camera.shutter_speed = 600000
    camera.exposure_mode = 'off'
    camera.iso = 800

  filename = 'image'+str(i)+'.jpg'

  #save image locally
  camera.capture(filename)

  #invoke the script to upload the image
  subprocess.call('python save_image.py '+filename, shell=True)

  sleep(3)

  i = (i + 1) % 12

Plantronics Voyager Legend with sdptool

sdptool records 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7

Service RecHandle: 0x10000
Service Class ID List:
“PnP Information” (0x1200)

Service Name: Hands-Free unit
Service RecHandle: 0x10001
Service Class ID List:
“Handsfree” (0x111e)
“Generic Audio” (0x1203)
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
“RFCOMM” (0x0003)
Channel: 1
Language Base Attr List:
code_ISO639: 0x656e
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0x100
Profile Descriptor List:
“Handsfree” (0x111e)
Version: 0x0106

Service Name: Headset
Service RecHandle: 0x10002
Service Class ID List:
“Headset” (0x1108)
“” (0x1131)
“Generic Audio” (0x1203)
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
“RFCOMM” (0x0003)
Channel: 2
Language Base Attr List:
code_ISO639: 0x656e
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0x100
Profile Descriptor List:
“Headset” (0x1108)
Version: 0x0102

Service RecHandle: 0x10003
Service Class ID List:
“Audio Sink” (0x110b)
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
PSM: 25
“AVDTP” (0x0019)
uint16: 0x0102
Profile Descriptor List:
“Advanced Audio” (0x110d)
Version: 0x0102

Service RecHandle: 0x10004
Service Class ID List:
“AV Remote” (0x110e)
“AV Remote Controller” (0x110f)
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
PSM: 23
“AVCTP” (0x0017)
uint16: 0x0103
Profile Descriptor List:
“AV Remote” (0x110e)
Version: 0x0104

Service RecHandle: 0x10005
Service Class ID List:
“AV Remote Target” (0x110c)
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
PSM: 23
“AVCTP” (0x0017)
uint16: 0x0103
Profile Descriptor List:
“AV Remote” (0x110e)
Version: 0x0104

Service Name: PBAP Client
Service RecHandle: 0x10006
Service Class ID List:
“Phonebook Access – PCE” (0x112e)
Profile Descriptor List:
“Phonebook Access” (0x1130)
Version: 0x0101

Service Name: PltHeadsetDataService
Service RecHandle: 0x10007
Service Class ID List:
UUID 128: 82972387-294e-4d62-97b5-2668aa35f618
Protocol Descriptor List:
“L2CAP” (0x0100)
“RFCOMM” (0x0003)
Channel: 5
Language Base Attr List:
code_ISO639: 0x656e
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0x100

Plantronic Voyager Legend Bluetooth and BlueZ

According to the specifications, Platronics Voyager Legend uses [Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP)]. BlueZ lists [PBAP] as a supported protocol.

python test/test-device list

48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 PLT_Legend

python test/test-device connect 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 PBAP

Name=PLT_Legend
Paired=1
Modalias=bluetooth:v0055p0113d005D
Connected=0
Address=48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7
Alias=PLT_Legend
dbus.Dictionary({dbus.String(u’Name’): dbus.String(u’PLT_Legend’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Paired’): dbus.Boolean(True, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Modalias’): dbus.String(u’bluetooth:v0055p0113d005D’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Adapter’): dbus.ObjectPath(‘/org/bluez/hci0′, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’LegacyPairing’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Alias’): dbus.String(u’PLT_Legend’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Connected’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’UUIDs’): dbus.Array([dbus.String(u’00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000111e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’82972387-294e-4d62-97b5-2668aa35f618′)], signature=dbus.Signature(‘s’), variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Address’): dbus.String(u’48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7′, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Blocked’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Class’): dbus.UInt32(2360324L, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Trusted’): dbus.Boolean(True, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Icon’): dbus.String(u’audio-card’, variant_level=1)}, signature=dbus.Signature(‘sv’))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “./test-device”, line 117, in
device.ConnectProfile(args[2])
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/proxies.py”, line 70, in __call__
return self._proxy_method(*args, **keywords)
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/proxies.py”, line 145, in __call__
**keywords)
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/connection.py”, line 651, in call_blocking
message, timeout)
dbus.exceptions.DBusException: org.bluez.Error.NotAvailable: Operation currently not available

python test/pbap-client 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7

Creating Session
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “pbap-client”, line 128, in
session_path = client.CreateSession(sys.argv[1], { “Target”: “PBAP” })
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/proxies.py”, line 70, in __call__
return self._proxy_method(*args, **keywords)
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/proxies.py”, line 145, in __call__
**keywords)
File “/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/dbus/connection.py”, line 651, in call_blocking
message, timeout)
dbus.exceptions.DBusException: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.UnknownObject: Method “CreateSession” with signature “sa{ss}” on interface “org.bluez.obex.Client1” doesn’t exist

[Phone Book Access (PBAP) client for Linux (Raspberry Pi)]

Python with Bluetooth

I’m making another attempt to write a Python script that can list the paired Bluetooth devices.

Add library dependencies for gatt bluetooth protocol.

sudo apt-get install libperl-dev libgtk2.0-dev libboost-python-dev libboost-thread-dev libbluetooth-dev libglib2.0-dev python-dev

Install the Python BlueZ libraries.

sudo apt-get install python-bluez

That allows the Python BlueZ library to install.

sudo pip install PyBluez
sudo pip3 install PyBluez

Add the gattlib to support the gatt bluetooth protocol. Make sure all apps are closed as the `gattlib` setup scripts use a lot of memory and will not complete without sufficient RAM.

sudo pip install gattlib
sudo pip3 install gattlib

The [test-device python script] is able to list paired Bluetooth devices.

python test/test-device list

The org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties has a block of data on the PLT_Legend Bluetooth headset.

dbus.Dictionary({dbus.String(u’Name’): dbus.String(u’PLT_Legend’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Paired’): dbus.Boolean(True, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Modalias’): dbus.String(u’bluetooth:v0055p0113d005D’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Adapter’): dbus.ObjectPath(‘/org/bluez/hci0′, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’LegacyPairing’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Alias’): dbus.String(u’PLT_Legend’, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Connected’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’UUIDs’): dbus.Array([dbus.String(u’00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’0000111e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb’), dbus.String(u’82972387-294e-4d62-97b5-2668aa35f618′)], signature=dbus.Signature(‘s’), variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Address’): dbus.String(u’48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7′, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Blocked’): dbus.Boolean(False, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Class’): dbus.UInt32(2360324L, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Trusted’): dbus.Boolean(True, variant_level=1), dbus.String(u’Icon’): dbus.String(u’audio-card’, variant_level=1)}, signature=dbus.Signature(‘sv’))

Resources:
[bluez]
[pybluez]
[Android Linux / Raspberry Pi Bluetooth communication]
[bluetooth commands]

List paired bluetooth devices.

pi@raspberrypi:~/ $ bluetoothctl
[NEW] Controller B8:27:EB:05:8D:D8 raspberrypi [default]
[NEW] Device 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 PLT_Legend

Get device info from `bluetoothctl` console.

[bluetooth]# info 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7
Device 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7
 Name: PLT_Legend
 Alias: PLT_Legend
 Class: 0x240404
 Icon: audio-card
 Paired: yes
 Trusted: yes
 Blocked: no
 Connected: no
 LegacyPairing: no
 UUID: Headset (00001108-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: Audio Sink (0000110b-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: A/V Remote Control Target (0000110c-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: A/V Remote Control (0000110e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: Handsfree (0000111e-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: PnP Information (00001200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb)
 UUID: Vendor specific (82972387-294e-4d62-97b5-2668aa35f618)
 Modalias: bluetooth:v0055p0113d005D

Bluetooth – Installing and Using Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi

Experimental

[jessie-backports] [issue]

Edit the deb sources list.

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list

Add jessie-backports to the `raspi.list` by adding the following line to the file.

deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main

Suppress the public key warnings.

gpg --keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu --recv-key 8B48AD6246925553
gpg -a --export 8B48AD6246925553 | sudo apt-key add -

gpg --keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu --recv-key 7638D0442B90D010
gpg -a --export 7638D0442B90D010 | sudo apt-key add -

Update apt-get.

sudo apt-get update

Install the bluetooth manager

Upgrade the packages.

sudo apt-get upgrade

Install `blueman`.

sudo apt-get -t jessie-backports install bluetooth blueman bluez python-gobject python-gobject-2 pulseaudio-module-bluetooth

Turn on bluetooth device on boot

If you require turning on your bluetooth device at boot time automatically, for instance when you require keyboard / mouse support. You can add a udev rule to enable that. Additionally, you need to make sure you have the package bluez-utils installed.

Create `/etc/udev/rules.d/50-bluetooth-hci-auto-poweron.rules` with the following content.

ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="bluetooth", KERNEL=="hci[0-9]*", RUN+="/bin/hciconfig %k up"

Use pavucontrol to configure pulse audio

[pavucontrol] is a GUI front-end for [PulseAudio].

sudo apt-get -t jessie-backports install pavucontrol

[blueman-project] [issue]
[enable analog out]
[Bluetooth – Installing and Using Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi]
[Installing the Raspberry Pi Nano Bluetooth Dongle]

pi@raspberrypi:~/Documents/PythonScripts/Microphone $ bluetoothctl 
[NEW] Controller B8:27:EB:22:51:00 raspberrypi [default]
[NEW] Device 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 PLT_Legend
[bluetooth]# quit

pi@raspberrypi:~/Documents/PythonScripts/Microphone $ sudo l2ping -c 1 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7
Ping: 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 from B8:27:EB:22:51:00 (data size 44) ...
16 bytes from 48:C1:AC:E2:21:A7 id 0 time 8.55ms
1 sent, 1 received, 0% loss

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ arecord -l
**** List of CAPTURE Hardware Devices ****